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The God Question
The God Question
By E. Raymond Rock
Many Christians wonder if Buddhists believe in God, an interesting and relevant question and one that I will attempt to address here.
To give you a little background of the culture into which the Buddha was born, well have to go back 5,000 years to the cradle of the great civilizations. One of these great civilizations was the Indus River Civilization in India. Another was the Aryan Civilization to the north of India -- two civilizations that were destined to clash.
The Indians were a settled, peaceful, agrarian culture literate, well off materially, and advanced spiritually. They were experts in irrigation and farming, and experts in designing and building their cities.
The Aryans, on the other hand, were tribal and nomadic, travelling from place to place and living off the spoils of war, as they pillaged any culture that they came across. They migrated down from southern Russia and Central Asia and were extremely militaristic, reflected by their lifestyles and values.
The Aryans, during their wandering, lived out in the open, so their three gods were based on nature; a god of lightening, a god of fire, and a god of water. Their priests were the leaders of the culture, who practiced animal sacrifices to appease and communicate with their gods. The priests proclaimed that a perfect life revolved around family (and having many offspring!) especially sons who could become warriors. The Aryan ideal was loyalty and community, which fit into their military culture.
The ultimate goal for an Aryan was Aryan heaven; a conceptualized version of all the pleasures that a perfect Aryan life on earth could provide. However, access to information on how to achieve this heaven was restricted to only Aryans of status by the Aryan priests who held the power, and apparently, the divine knowledge. The priests developed a caste system where their citizens were segregated into four categories; priests, warriors, tradesmen, and food gatherers. The holy book that recorded all of gods' communications to the divinely inspired priests was called the Vedas, held in secret by the priests in order to maintain their power. Only the priests were privy to this information and doled it out miserly to only the higher classes that could pay.
The Indians, on the other hand, had no priests. They farmed and peacefully lived together in cities, and subsequently established no gods that they had to make animal sacrifices for, or holy books. Where the priest was the most important and powerful figure in the Aryan society, in the Indian society, the wandering, ascetic truth seeker was the most revered.
These ascetics sought inwardly for truth, not relying on any books or priests or outside sources such as gods. They practiced meditation, and used meditation as their vehicle to search inwardly. They were celibate, homeless, renunciates living very austere lives many times naked or clothed in rags, and professed their inner revelations of karma and rebirth freely to whomever was interested. They sought no power for themselves.
Karma was a mysterious law of the universe that extended over many lifetimes, created by ones own actions. Depending on the quality of those actions, one would either wander from lifetime to lifetime, or gain freedom from this wandering. Therefore, rather than a heavenly goal, such as that which the Aryans looked forward to, the ascetic wanderers goal was freedom from human existence, never explaining exactly what the ultimate destination would be, except that it was a reality and ineffable, or impossible to describe.
As you can imagine, when the Aryans invaded the Indian culture, the poor Indians didnt have a chance. But the Aryans misjudged the strength of the Indus River civilization and its values, and interesting things developed.
There were serious differences between the cultures in the beginning. The Aryans valued material well being, wealth, power, fame, and they practiced animal sacrifices as a means for their priest to gain wisdom by recording the nature gods' messages in their holy book. Other than the priests, the rest of the culture simply believed what the priests said, which released the warriors from the work of communicating directly to their gods, and therefore the warriors could devote their lives to pillaging and plundering!
The Indians, in contrast, stressed renunciation, meditation, karma, rebirth and freedom from the human condition, and as a result enjoyed a caste-free, egalitarian society that looked both inwardly in meditation, and outwardly toward those who dedicated their lives to their own inner searching for answers, not relying on gods, priests and books.
As time went on, after the invasion, these two cultures melded into what is now known as modern India. Side by side, you will find a caste system, meditation, yoga, numerous gods, a firm belief in karma and rebirth, and even a holy book; the Vedanta. The original Aryan warriors, unbelievably and over time, became the wandering ascetics of the old Indus River Civilization. This was a natural sequence of events, as the old warriors discovered how much courage is involved to navigate successfully inwardly!
The discovery came when the warriors took a long look at the ascetics, what else did they have to do since there was no more civilizations to conquer! (One influence of the Indians over the Aryans was that the Aryans settled down). The warriors then utilized their natural instincts to explore, except this time it was the great inner exploration. The warriors would hide away in caves and forests seeking that personal experience of truth, starving themselves, and meditating and participating in many kinds of practices, hoping for a glimpse of that direct knowledge that the Indians discovered thousands of years previously.
As these warriors succeeded in their solitary pursuits, they returned, individually and in groups, to report on what they discovered which was unfortunately ineffable! However, they did confirm that rebirth, karma, and past lives were a certainty, which they were able to see clearly during meditation . . . all of their past lives!
The politically minded priests were not letting this go unnoticed! They knew how the wind was blowing, so they incorporated these new revelations into their books which became the Upanishads, or the Vedanta about 800 BC. The priests, never experiencing meditation for themselves, interpreted the warriors revelations incorrectly and introduced a self into what was, for the warrior, a selfless experience. That was the only way that the priests could hold on to their power. They called this new "self" that they fabricated an Atman, which was supposedly a vehicle, like a soul, that traveled from lifetime to lifetime perfecting itself until it finally lost all its accumulated karma and merged with the priests newly fashioned god: Brahma!
Now the priests could hold on to their power . . . and their gods as well.
(Part 2 the Buddha enters the scene and shakes things up!)
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E. Raymond Rock of Fort Myers, Florida is cofounder and principal teacher at the Southwest Florida Insight Center, http://www.SouthwestFloridaInsightCenter.com His twenty-eight years of meditation experience has taken him across four continents, including two stopovers in Thailand where he practiced in the remote northeast forests as an ordained Theravada Buddhist monk. His book, A Year to Enlightenment (Career Press/New Page Books) is now available at major bookstores and online retailers. Visit http://www.AYearToEnlightenment.com
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